Wendy Lo

60% of ASEAN oil imports come from the Middle East. Indonesia spends USD 2–3B annually on biodiesel subsidies while Malaysia's Solar ATAP replaces NEM—but conflicting carbon tax and gas subsidy signals remain.

Aurora Energy Research projects Singapore's Indonesian solar imports will cost SGD 240–340/MWh vs SGD 170 in wholesale revenue. REC prices peak near SGD 60 in 2026, then fall below SGD 20 by 2031.

A MYR 700M pipeline of 20+ bio-CNG plants will convert Malaysia's palm oil mill effluent into renewable gas, avoiding 384,000 tonnes CO₂e annually under the first Malaysia-South Korea Article 6.2 deal.

COP31's 35x35 target aims to raise electricity's share of final energy to 35% by 2035. ASEAN electricity demand grew 60% in a decade and needs USD 20B+ annually in grid investment to keep pace.

The near-term battery recycling opportunity in Thailand isn't retired EVs—it's manufacturing waste. Sun-up Recycling recovers NMP solvents at 99.993% purity from EV factories in the Eastern Economic Corridor.

AI GPUs are retired after just 10–18 months as operators chase newer chips. Microsoft's Circular Centers hit 90.9% reuse rate, but Southeast Asia's ITAD infrastructure remains underdeveloped.

Taiwan's anti-greenwashing guideline targets misused terms like "net zero" and undisclosed award criteria. A new circular label, separate from the eco-label, now covers 12 products under the gMIT brand.

Thailand's cement industry spent years achieving 80%+ low-carbon market share, but data centers still don't specify EPDs or carbon limits. Microsoft's Sublime Systems model shows what could change that.