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Ensuring funds reach countries most in need, quickly and equitably, is climate finance’s biggest challenge, writes academic Wang Bowen.

This year’s COP30 took place in Belém, Brazil, near the entrance to the Amazon rainforest. Tropical forests and nature conservation were among the summit’s key themes, with nature-based solutions receiving particular attention.

Indonesia reported modest results from its carbon-credit sales at this year’s UN climate summit (COP30), booking pledges for 2.75 million tonnes of CO₂ reductions amid criticism.

This year’s COP30 brought the world’s climate spotlight to the Southern Hemisphere, as leaders gathered in Belém—a gateway city to the Amazon rainforest.

When it comes to AI and climate change, there are a variety of opinions, from the optimistic to the pessimistic and the skeptical. Given the overarching concerns about environmental harms of AI, it is surprising to some that AI is front and centre at COP.

As the Paris Agreement marks its tenth anniversary this year, countries are rolling out a new round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC 3.0) ahead of COP30, outlining emissions targets for 2035.

COP30 closed on Saturday after two charged weeks in Belém. A fire that briefly disrupted the venue became an apt metaphor for a summit defined by heated disputes over fossil fuels, finance, forests, critical minerals, and carbon markets.

On the eve of COP30, an innovative mechanism aimed at transforming global forest protection financing was officially kicked off. The TFFF, initiated by host country Brazil, seeks to establish a sustainable fund with up to USD 125 billion.

As visitors stepped into the COP30 venue in Belém, Brazil, one of the most prominent sights in the entrance hall was China's presence: the national flag, panda mascots, and published works by President Xi Jinping.

China has taken a more prominent role in business and diplomacy at COP30 amid the absence of the US. Beijing’s diplomats have been active in behind-the-scenes roles previously typically filled by Washington.

The global carbon market under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement is facing a funding crunch, raising concerns that part of its budget may be diverted to the Adaptation Fund.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA), Japan, and Malaysia are calling for a single, strengthened global system to regulate aviation emissions and support coordinated climate action toward net-zero by 2050.